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2024-08-23 at 2:19 AM UTC
Originally posted by the man who put it in my hood warper warping warplane warps warrant warrantable warranted warrantee warranter warranties warranting warrantofficer warrantor warrants warranty warren warrener warring warrior warrrthday washingup washingupmachine washleather washoil washout washrag washroom washsale washstand washtub washup washwoman washy wasn't wasnt wasp waspish wasps waspwaist wassail wassermannreaction wast wastage waste wastebasket wastebaskets wastebin wasted wasteful wastefully wastefulness wasteindustry wasteland wasteless wastemaker wastepaper wastepaperbasket wastepipe wasteplex wasteproduct waster wastes wastewater wasting wastingasset wastrel wat watch watchband watchcase watchchain watchcommittee watchcrystal watchdog watchdogs watched watcher watchers watches watchfire watchful watchfully watchfulness watchglass watchguard watchhouse watching watchkey watchmaker watchman watchmeeting watchmen watchnight watchofficer watchpocket watchtower watchwoman watchword watcom water waterage waterback waterbailiff waterbalance waterballet waterbearer waterbed waterbeetle waterbird waterbiscuit waterblister waterboat waterbomb waterborne waterbottle waterbrash waterbuck waterbuffalo waterbug waterbus waterbutt watercannon watercarriage watercarrier watercart waterchestnut waterchute waterclock watercloset watercolor watercool watercooler watercourse watercracker watercraft watercress watercure watercycle waterdiviner waterdog waterdrinker waterdrop watered watereddown wateredsilk waterfall waterfalls waterfast waterfinder waterflag waterflea waterflood waterfowl waterfront watergap watergarden watergas watergate watergauge waterglass waterground watergruel waterguard watergun waterhammer waterheater waterhen waterhole waterhyacinth waterice waterinch wateriness watering wateringcart wateringhole wateringplace wateringpot waterinjection waterish waterjacket waterjump waterless waterlevel waterlily waterline waterlog waterlogged waterloo watermain waterman watermanship watermark watermeadow watermelon watermelons watermeter watermill watermoccasin watermonkey watermotor waternymph waterofhydration waterouzel waterox waterpaint waterparting waterpipe waterpistol waterplane waterplantain waterpollution waterpolo waterpower waterproof waterproofing waterpulse waterrat waterrate waterrepellent waterresistant waterright waters waterscape waterscorpion watershed watershoot waterside waterski waterskin watersky watersnake watersoak watersoftener watersoluble waterspaniel watersplash waterspout watersprite waterstrider watersupply watersystem watertable watertight watertower watertube watervapor watervole waterwagon waterwave waterway waterways waterweed waterwheel waterwings waterwitch waterworks waterworn watery wats watson watt wattage watthour wattle wattled wattles wattling wattmeter watts waul wave waveband wavebase wavecloud waved waveform waveforms wavefront wavefronts waveguide wavelength wavelengths wavelet wavemechanics wavemeter wavemotion waver wavered wavering waves wavetrain wavetrap waving wavy wawa wawf wawl wax waxbean waxberry waxbill waxcloth waxdoll waxed waxen waxes waxing waxmuseum waxmyrtle waxpainting waxpalm waxpaper waxtree waxweed waxwing waxwork waxy way waybill wayfarer wayfaring wayin waylay wayleave wayne wayout ways wayside waystation waystop waytrain wayward waywise waywiser wayworn wayzgoose wb we we'll we're we've wea weak weaken weakened weakening weakens weaker weakersex weakest weakfish weakheaded weakhearted weakinteraction weakish weakkneed weakling weakly weakminded weakness weaknesses weakon weakside weaksister weaktothewall weakwilled weal weald wealden wealth wealthfare wealthier wealthiest wealthy wean weaned weaner weaning weanling weans weapon weaponeer weaponry weapons weaponsystem wear wearability wearable wearandtear weariness wearing wearingapparel wearingly wearisome wearproof wears weary weasand weasel weaseled weaseling weaselly weasels weaselwords weather weatherbeaten weatherboard weatherboarding weatherbound weatherbox weatherbreeder weatherbureau weathercast weatherchart weathercock weathercontact weathered weathereye weatherforecast weathergauge weatherglass weatherhouse weathering weatherly weatherman weathermap weatherproof weatherradar weatherreport weathersatellite weathership weathersignal weatherstained weatherstation weatherstrip weatherstripping weathertight weathervane weatherwise weatherworn weave weaved weaver weaverbird weaves weaving weazen weazened web webbed webbing webby weber webfoot weboffset webs webster webtoed webworm wecpnl wed wedded wedding weddingbreakfast weddingcake weddingday weddingdress weddinggarment weddingmarch weddingreception weddingring weddings wedel wedeln wedge wedged wedges wedgeshaped wedgewise wedgie wedging wedgwood wedgy wedlock wednesday wednesdays weds wee weed weeded weeder weedicide weeding weedkiller weedless weeds weedy week weekday weekdays weekend weekender weekends weekly weeknight weeks ween weenie weeny weenybopper weep weeper weepie weeping weepingcross weepingwillow weeps weepy weever weevil weewee weft weierstrass weigh weighbeam weighbridge weighed weighhouse weighin weighing weighlock weighs weight weighted weighting weightless weightlessness weightlifting weights weightwatcher weighty weilsdisease weimar weimarrepublic weir weird weirdly weirdness weirdo weirdsisters weirdy weismannism weka welcome welcomed welcomes welcoming weld welded welder welders welding weldment welds welfare welfarefund welfarehotel welfaremother welfarestate welfarestatism welfarework welfarism welkin well wellacted welladay welladvised wellappointed wellaway wellbalanced wellbehaved wellbeing wellbeloved wellborn wellbred wellbuilt wellcaredfor wellchosen wellconditioned wellconnected welldeck welldefined welldisposed welldoer welldoing welldone welldressed wellearned welled welleducated wellestablished wellfavored wellfed wellfixed wellformed wellfound 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wolfram wolframite wolfsbane wolfwhistle wolverine wolves woman womanhater womanhood womanish womanize womanized womanizes womanizing womankind womanlike womanly womanpower womansrights womansuffrage womb wombat wombs women womenfolk womenslib womensmovement womensrights womensroom womp won won't wonder wondered wonderful wonderfully wonderfulness wondering wonderland wonderlands wonderment wonders wonderstricken wonderwork wondrous wondrously wondrousness wonky wont wonted wonton woo wood woodalcohol woodanemone woodbin woodbine woodblock woodcarver woodcarving woodchat woodchuck woodcoal woodcock woodcraft woodcraftsman woodcut woodcutter wooded wooden woodengraving woodenhead woodenheaded woodenhorse woodenindian woodenspoon woodenware woodfiber woodibis woodland woodlander woodlark woodlot woodlouse woodman woodnote woodnymph woodpecker woodpeckers woodpigeon woodpile woodpulp woodpussy woodrat woodruff woods woodshed woodslight woodsman woodsorrel woodspirit woodsy woodtar 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2024-08-23 at 2:19 AM UTC
Originally posted by the man who put it in my hood 有機化學實驗室生存手冊
學生技術指南
詹姆斯·W·祖布里克
哈德遜谷社區學院
約翰威利父子公司 紐約 • 奇切斯特 • 布里斯班 • 多倫多 • 新加坡
版權所有 © 1984、1988，John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
版權所有。加拿大同步出版。
任何部分的複製或翻譯
這項工作超出了各節允許的範圍
1976 年美國版權法第 107 條和第 108 條
未經著作權人許可的行為
業主不合法。請求許可
或應將更多資訊發送至
John Wiley & Sons 的權限部門。
致辛迪
前言
第二版
聽到你的書被閱讀和喜歡，真是令人振奮，簡直涵蓋了
涵蓋從才華橫溢的高中理科生到
英語名譽教授。更高興聽到你
有機會根據上述評論改進這本書，
審稿人的評論以及與審稿人合作中獲得的經驗
文字.
在本版《有機化學實驗室生存手冊》中，有關以下內容的部分
筆記本和手冊已擴展到包括典型的筆記本
頁和實際手冊條目以及解釋。有新的
關於清潔和乾燥玻璃器皿的注意事項，以及如何找到好的重結晶器
化溶劑。一旦他們的樣品被純化，學生現在可以找到直接的
用托馬斯-胡佛裝置測定熔點。洗-
ing 被賦予了與提取同樣的重要性，但也有一些麻煩
斑點（以有機層的 pH 值為例）已被平滑。
還有關於使用外部來源的蒸汽蒸餾的附加說明
蒸汽。簡單的壓力計、應付漏氣、正確使用壓力計
壓力-溫度列線圖增強了真空蒸餾部分-
。已添加折射測量，以及（根據特殊要求）
關於萃取和蒸餾理論的部分，包括共沸物和
共沸蒸餾，我相信，克勞修斯蒸餾法的首次應用
Clapyron 方程式作為從拉烏爾定律（壓力和
摩爾分數）到相圖（溫度和摩爾分數）。
許多人對製作此版本的幫助值得讚揚：
我的學生們幫助我發現了上一版所缺少的內容，
Ronald Pohadsky 先生和 Barry Eggleston 先生提出了具體建議—
在實驗室工作時的系統蒸發散。特別感謝 G.J. 教授詹茲，
倫斯勒理工學院熔鹽資料中心主任
感謝他對本版物理化學部分的審閱，並
Henry Hollinger 教授和 A. Rauf Imam 教授在最初階段提供的幫助
該工作的各個階段。我還要感謝
威廉·愛潑斯坦
猶他大學
魯道夫·戈茨
密西根州立大學
viii 第二版前言
克萊莉亞·W·馬洛里
賓州大學
J·沃林斯基
普渡大學
感謝他們提出的寶貴意見與建議，使本版更加完善
對有機化學實驗室的學生有用。
最後，我要感謝 John 化學編輯 Dennis Sawicki 先生
首先是 Wiley & Sons，這是我收到的最好的生日禮物之一
其次，感謝他在某些方面的鼓勵、指導和耐心
準備此版本時遇到的麻煩點。 Dawn Reitz 女士，生產
主管、Ann Meader 女士、主管文案編輯和 Glenn 先生
文案編輯佩特里 (Petry) 帶來了第二篇文章，值得稱讚
版約.
J·W·祖布里克
哈德遜谷社區學院
1987 年 4 月 3 日
第一版序言
第十次描述實驗室未涵蓋的儀器
書，然後你寫一個程式。一遍又一遍地解釋操作
在書中，你會得到一組筆記。當這些產生問題時，你
修改直到學生（而不是你）最終做對為止。如果你相信的話
寫作是凝固的言語——具有相同的停頓，相同的節奏——然後
樣式已設定。如果你還能笑，你就寫了這本書。
本書介紹了有機化學實驗室的基本技術
重點是第一次就把工作做好。為此，
經常會提出可能出錯的例子並提出警告
為了防止最常見的錯誤，近乎令人憤慨。這是
相信進入不可能的經驗要困難得多
一旦學生被警告可能發生的事情，就會出現精神問題
那些。處理蒸餾、萃取等複雜操作
以一種簡單的方式，無論是在解釋或本質上
後續程序。
對於有關儀器技術的部分也可以這麼說
GC、IR、NMR 和 HPLC 的特性。 GC色譜技術
和 HPLC 的介紹是因為它們與薄層色譜和柱色譜有關
拉菲。光譜技術較少依賴實驗室操作
因此在與電子儀器的相似性方面提出了
GC 和 HPLC 技術（雙檢測器、HPLC 中的 UV 檢測等）。
對於所有技術，重點是正確的樣品製備和正確的
儀器操作。
許多人對編寫這本教科書的幫助值得讚揚。
距離這本書第一次寫成已經有幾年了，以下列出了
致謝訊息將接近小型電話簿的大小 -
有太多的好人需要直接感謝。
感謝那些鼓勵、幫助和建設性批評的人
製作一本更好的書，讓學生喜歡閱讀和學習。
我要感謝數百名忍受我的胡言亂語的學生，
咆哮、謾罵和貶低，從而教會了我它們是什麼
有機化學實驗室生存所需的知識。
特別感謝 C.W. Schimelpfenig 博士對許多人的鼓勵
那些年，沒有什麼，他們的評論使這些頁面增色不少； D.L.博士
卡森的評論也出現了，因為他對
x 第一版前言
推介會;博士。 R.A.貝利 (Bailey)、S.C. 邦斯 (S.C. Bunce) 與 H.B.霍林格為他們的
持續的支持和建議； Mark B. Freilich 博士，他的觀點
一位無機化學家在審查過程中證明了自己的價值；和
Sam Johnson 博士在本文的早期階段提供了巨大幫助
加工。我還要感謝克里斯多福‧J‧肯珀 (Christopher J. Kemper) 和基斯‧米勒 (Keith Miller)
對本書的樂器部分提出了寶貴的評論。
最後，我要感謝克利福德·W·米爾斯 (Clifford W. Mills)，他是我在 John Wiley & 的守護神。
兒子們，沒有他們的幫助，這一切都不可能實現，還有安德魯·E·福特，
Jr.，副總裁，在這條痛苦的道路上有一個非常有趣的開始
出版品.
關於風格的一些注意事項
常常會發現講師抱怨使用不當並抱怨
他們的學生除了寫一篇清晰、簡單、
英語交際句子。確實如此。但令我驚訝的是
同樣的人對又長又尷尬的被動語態感到舒服
浮誇的“我們”和笨拙的“一”，還有那個該死的“學生”，
留下練習作為證明。這些結構出現在
幾乎所有的科學文本都沒有產生清晰、簡單、溝通性的內容
生動的英文句子。學生確實可以透過以下方式學習寫作：
例子。
我不會刻意大膽地拆分不定式，也不會主動尋求
用來結束句子的介詞。然而僅透過這些構造，我可能會
有些人認為這會導致學生溝通能力的下降。
E.B.懷特，《風格元素》第二版（麥克米倫，
紐約，1972 年，第 14 頁。 70），寫道
幾年前，學生被警告不要以介係詞結尾句子
化;當然，時間已經軟化了這項嚴格的法令。不僅是
介詞可以放在最後，有時它更有效
地點比其他任何地方都多。 「他使用的工具是羊角錘，而不是斧頭。
謀殺了她。
他謀殺她的工具。
有些不定式似乎在分裂方面有所改進，就像一根圓棒一樣
爐木確實如此。 “我無法讓自己真正喜歡這個傢伙。”這
量刑從寬，意思明確，違法行為無害，
幾乎察覺不到。換句話說，句子變得生硬，需要──
不太正式。耳朵的問題。
我們都應該像懷特一樣寫得糟糕。
在 William Strunk 和 E.B.風格元素中的白色
以及威廉‧辛瑟 (William Zinsser) 的《論寫作》(Onwriting Well) 和魯道夫‧弗萊施 (Rudolph Flesch) 的《ABC》
風格和 D.L.卡森的評論出現在這本書中，我試圖
遵循最近在科學領域被忽視的技術交流的一些原則
文本：使用第一人稱，設身處地為讀者著想，並且，最好的
最後，使用主動語態和個人主詞。
xii 關於風格的一些註釋
以下產品名稱屬於各自的製造商。瑞吉斯-
此處酌情標明了特雷德商標；文中，符號為
省略。
康寧玻璃工廠，紐約州康寧
W.A. Hammond Drierite 公司，俄亥俄州 Xenia
費雪科學公司，賓州匹茲堡
貝克頓狄金森公司，盧瑟福，新
球衣
實驗室設備，馬薩諸塞州劍橋
密理博公司，馬薩諸塞州貝德福德
克勞福德配件公司，俄亥俄州索倫
E.I.杜邦德內穆爾公司，威爾明頓，
德拉瓦州
Variac® 通用無線電公司，麻薩諸塞州康科德
康寧®
Drierite®
Fisher-Johns®
Luer-Lok®
Mel-Temp®
密理博®
世偉洛克®
特氟龍®
前言
人們很少有機會閱讀和使用一本
完全有用，不需要替換和刪除。祖-
布里克的書就是為大學部有機學生提供的此類資源，
他們的實驗室講師和教授。我必須衷心推薦這個
本書適合任何參加有機化學第一門實驗課程的學生。
有機化學實驗室生存手冊充滿了以下內容的解釋：
必要的技術與先進技術的方式大致相同
Wiberg、Lowenthal、Newman 和 Gordon 的書籍中都有介紹
福特。在較大的大學中，《生存手冊》是以下內容的寶貴補充：
大多數實驗室手冊。它提供了許多畢業生的解釋
助教不會花時間上課。大多數教學
我熟人的助手很欣賞祖布里克的書，因為它支持
他們在背誦期間的討論（當每個學生都有個人副本時），
它刷新了他們對所學且必須通過的良好技術的記憶
面向新一代本科生。
本書面向本科生讀者。該資訊-
惡意語氣對大多數實驗室學生有吸引力。插圖很令人愉快。
使用不同類型的字體可以有效地強調。而且，祖布里克總是
解釋了為什麼特定的操作順序是必要的，以及如何
操縱和支持裝置和物質。這是一個確定的
力量。
這本書是一個進化的產物：在十年的時間裡，教授們
各大學和文理學院紛紛提出建議
微小的變化和改進。我認為自己很幸運能夠使用
先驅者，自 1973 年起出版。
收集了大量有用的信息，整理得井井有條，
並精心呈現。本書是名師之作。
《有機化學實驗室生存手冊》是我很久以來就知道的一本書。
處於不同發展階段的年數。隨著事情的進展，我
饒有興趣地看著吉姆·祖布里克努力在兩者之間取得平衡
僅僅傳達訊息——大多數書籍都是這樣做的——並傳達訊息
xiv 前言
有效地將訊息傳遞給人類受眾。一方面，吉姆
堅持他的書包含所有必要的科學細節；另一方面
另一方面，他也堅持有機化學實驗室的「如何做」書不需要
以枯燥且令人困惑的散文形式寫成，這些散文常常被當作語言
科學領域。這本書顯示他已經實現了這兩個目標
令人欽佩的時尚。
事實上，《生存手冊》非常成功地遵循了維根斯坦的理論
格言：「一切可以思考的事情，都可以清晰地思考。
凡是能說的都可以說清楚。
柯勒律治為了避免迂腐，所以只使用「適合於
時間、地點、同伴。
儘管有些讀者可能對這本書感到不滿，因為它是
不是，非典型地用典型期刊文章的語言表達，類似
當威廉·斯特倫克出版《元素》時，人們無疑也抱怨了
1919 年的風格。大多數其他寫作文本
當時的內容是用十九世紀複雜的語言寫成的，
它們所包含的材料主要由一系列神秘的做法組成，
禁忌與教條－－這一切都是為了把學生變成十八世紀的人
圖裡作家。
從斯特倫克的角度來看，這樣的文本對某些人來說並不理想。
主要原因。首先，他們給學生的藥物與
溝通過程本身；第二，和現在關係不大
實踐;第三，服藥非常困難，以至於無法治愈
患者的痛苦比疾病本身還要嚴重。
吉姆·祖布里克在這本書中證明，他和斯特倫克一樣明白，
在只有那些資訊的情況下，學習才能達到最大效率
提出的內容與完成特定任務直接相關。在一個
在充滿危險的環境中，這種效率變得更高
必要的。
《生存手冊》是一本優秀的書，因為它講述了讀者的心聲
需要。書中說，總是直接──儘管有時有點不敬
顯然，許多其他書籍只能以恭敬的間接方式來表達。
它永遠不會忘記時間很短或學習曲線在
第一的。文章通俗易懂，通俗易懂，得到很好的支持
透過大量與文字相關的插圖。它在技術上也是準確的
技術上完整，但它總是解釋實驗室技術問題
以一種旨在使學生在功能上易於理解的方式
情境.
所有這些與溝通效率相關的特徵都會自然而然地
前言 xv
努力使使用本書的實驗室變得更安全；改進後的
他們所提供的理解自然增強了本書的內容
強調和詳細的實驗室安全方法。
然而，最重要的是，《生存手冊》的所有元素都來自
共同關注以某種方式完成任務的重要性
這顯示作者意識到溝通確實
無法有效滿足受眾的需求只不過是迂腐
與時間、地點、公司不適應。 -
2024-08-23 at 2:19 AM UTC
-
2024-08-23 at 2:19 AM UTC
Originally posted by the man who put it in my hood 有機化學實驗室生存手冊
學生技術指南
詹姆斯·W·祖布里克
哈德遜谷社區學院
約翰威利父子公司 紐約 • 奇切斯特 • 布里斯班 • 多倫多 • 新加坡
版權所有 © 1984、1988，John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
版權所有。加拿大同步出版。
任何部分的複製或翻譯
這項工作超出了各節允許的範圍
1976 年美國版權法第 107 條和第 108 條
未經著作權人許可的行為
業主不合法。請求許可
或應將更多資訊發送至
John Wiley & Sons 的權限部門。
致辛迪
前言
第二版
聽到你的書被閱讀和喜歡，真是令人振奮，簡直涵蓋了
涵蓋從才華橫溢的高中理科生到
英語名譽教授。更高興聽到你
有機會根據上述評論改進這本書，
審稿人的評論以及與審稿人合作中獲得的經驗
文字.
在本版《有機化學實驗室生存手冊》中，有關以下內容的部分
筆記本和手冊已擴展到包括典型的筆記本
頁和實際手冊條目以及解釋。有新的
關於清潔和乾燥玻璃器皿的注意事項，以及如何找到好的重結晶器
化溶劑。一旦他們的樣品被純化，學生現在可以找到直接的
用托馬斯-胡佛裝置測定熔點。洗-
ing 被賦予了與提取同樣的重要性，但也有一些麻煩
斑點（以有機層的 pH 值為例）已被平滑。
還有關於使用外部來源的蒸汽蒸餾的附加說明
蒸汽。簡單的壓力計、應付漏氣、正確使用壓力計
壓力-溫度列線圖增強了真空蒸餾部分-
。已添加折射測量，以及（根據特殊要求）
關於萃取和蒸餾理論的部分，包括共沸物和
共沸蒸餾，我相信，克勞修斯蒸餾法的首次應用
Clapyron 方程式作為從拉烏爾定律（壓力和
摩爾分數）到相圖（溫度和摩爾分數）。
許多人對製作此版本的幫助值得讚揚：
我的學生們幫助我發現了上一版所缺少的內容，
Ronald Pohadsky 先生和 Barry Eggleston 先生提出了具體建議—
在實驗室工作時的系統蒸發散。特別感謝 G.J. 教授詹茲，
倫斯勒理工學院熔鹽資料中心主任
感謝他對本版物理化學部分的審閱，並
Henry Hollinger 教授和 A. Rauf Imam 教授在最初階段提供的幫助
該工作的各個階段。我還要感謝
威廉·愛潑斯坦
猶他大學
魯道夫·戈茨
密西根州立大學
viii 第二版前言
克萊莉亞·W·馬洛里
賓州大學
J·沃林斯基
普渡大學
感謝他們提出的寶貴意見與建議，使本版更加完善
對有機化學實驗室的學生有用。
最後，我要感謝 John 化學編輯 Dennis Sawicki 先生
首先是 Wiley & Sons，這是我收到的最好的生日禮物之一
其次，感謝他在某些方面的鼓勵、指導和耐心
準備此版本時遇到的麻煩點。 Dawn Reitz 女士，生產
主管、Ann Meader 女士、主管文案編輯和 Glenn 先生
文案編輯佩特里 (Petry) 帶來了第二篇文章，值得稱讚
版約.
J·W·祖布里克
哈德遜谷社區學院
1987 年 4 月 3 日
第一版序言
第十次描述實驗室未涵蓋的儀器
書，然後你寫一個程式。一遍又一遍地解釋操作
在書中，你會得到一組筆記。當這些產生問題時，你
修改直到學生（而不是你）最終做對為止。如果你相信的話
寫作是凝固的言語——具有相同的停頓，相同的節奏——然後
樣式已設定。如果你還能笑，你就寫了這本書。
本書介紹了有機化學實驗室的基本技術
重點是第一次就把工作做好。為此，
經常會提出可能出錯的例子並提出警告
為了防止最常見的錯誤，近乎令人憤慨。這是
相信進入不可能的經驗要困難得多
一旦學生被警告可能發生的事情，就會出現精神問題
那些。處理蒸餾、萃取等複雜操作
以一種簡單的方式，無論是在解釋或本質上
後續程序。
對於有關儀器技術的部分也可以這麼說
GC、IR、NMR 和 HPLC 的特性。 GC色譜技術
和 HPLC 的介紹是因為它們與薄層色譜和柱色譜有關
拉菲。光譜技術較少依賴實驗室操作
因此在與電子儀器的相似性方面提出了
GC 和 HPLC 技術（雙檢測器、HPLC 中的 UV 檢測等）。
對於所有技術，重點是正確的樣品製備和正確的
儀器操作。
許多人對編寫這本教科書的幫助值得讚揚。
距離這本書第一次寫成已經有幾年了，以下列出了
致謝訊息將接近小型電話簿的大小 -
有太多的好人需要直接感謝。
感謝那些鼓勵、幫助和建設性批評的人
製作一本更好的書，讓學生喜歡閱讀和學習。
我要感謝數百名忍受我的胡言亂語的學生，
咆哮、謾罵和貶低，從而教會了我它們是什麼
有機化學實驗室生存所需的知識。
特別感謝 C.W. Schimelpfenig 博士對許多人的鼓勵
那些年，沒有什麼，他們的評論使這些頁面增色不少； D.L.博士
卡森的評論也出現了，因為他對
x 第一版前言
推介會;博士。 R.A.貝利 (Bailey)、S.C. 邦斯 (S.C. Bunce) 與 H.B.霍林格為他們的
持續的支持和建議； Mark B. Freilich 博士，他的觀點
一位無機化學家在審查過程中證明了自己的價值；和
Sam Johnson 博士在本文的早期階段提供了巨大幫助
加工。我還要感謝克里斯多福‧J‧肯珀 (Christopher J. Kemper) 和基斯‧米勒 (Keith Miller)
對本書的樂器部分提出了寶貴的評論。
最後，我要感謝克利福德·W·米爾斯 (Clifford W. Mills)，他是我在 John Wiley & 的守護神。
兒子們，沒有他們的幫助，這一切都不可能實現，還有安德魯·E·福特，
Jr.，副總裁，在這條痛苦的道路上有一個非常有趣的開始
出版品.
關於風格的一些注意事項
常常會發現講師抱怨使用不當並抱怨
他們的學生除了寫一篇清晰、簡單、
英語交際句子。確實如此。但令我驚訝的是
同樣的人對又長又尷尬的被動語態感到舒服
浮誇的“我們”和笨拙的“一”，還有那個該死的“學生”，
留下練習作為證明。這些結構出現在
幾乎所有的科學文本都沒有產生清晰、簡單、溝通性的內容
生動的英文句子。學生確實可以透過以下方式學習寫作：
例子。
我不會刻意大膽地拆分不定式，也不會主動尋求
用來結束句子的介詞。然而僅透過這些構造，我可能會
有些人認為這會導致學生溝通能力的下降。
E.B.懷特，《風格元素》第二版（麥克米倫，
紐約，1972 年，第 14 頁。 70），寫道
幾年前，學生被警告不要以介係詞結尾句子
化;當然，時間已經軟化了這項嚴格的法令。不僅是
介詞可以放在最後，有時它更有效
地點比其他任何地方都多。 「他使用的工具是羊角錘，而不是斧頭。
謀殺了她。
他謀殺她的工具。
有些不定式似乎在分裂方面有所改進，就像一根圓棒一樣
爐木確實如此。 “我無法讓自己真正喜歡這個傢伙。”這
量刑從寬，意思明確，違法行為無害，
幾乎察覺不到。換句話說，句子變得生硬，需要──
不太正式。耳朵的問題。
我們都應該像懷特一樣寫得糟糕。
在 William Strunk 和 E.B.風格元素中的白色
以及威廉‧辛瑟 (William Zinsser) 的《論寫作》(Onwriting Well) 和魯道夫‧弗萊施 (Rudolph Flesch) 的《ABC》
風格和 D.L.卡森的評論出現在這本書中，我試圖
遵循最近在科學領域被忽視的技術交流的一些原則
文本：使用第一人稱，設身處地為讀者著想，並且，最好的
最後，使用主動語態和個人主詞。
xii 關於風格的一些註釋
以下產品名稱屬於各自的製造商。瑞吉斯-
此處酌情標明了特雷德商標；文中，符號為
省略。
康寧玻璃工廠，紐約州康寧
W.A. Hammond Drierite 公司，俄亥俄州 Xenia
費雪科學公司，賓州匹茲堡
貝克頓狄金森公司，盧瑟福，新
球衣
實驗室設備，馬薩諸塞州劍橋
密理博公司，馬薩諸塞州貝德福德
克勞福德配件公司，俄亥俄州索倫
E.I.杜邦德內穆爾公司，威爾明頓，
德拉瓦州
Variac® 通用無線電公司，麻薩諸塞州康科德
康寧®
Drierite®
Fisher-Johns®
Luer-Lok®
Mel-Temp®
密理博®
世偉洛克®
特氟龍®
前言
人們很少有機會閱讀和使用一本
完全有用，不需要替換和刪除。祖-
布里克的書就是為大學部有機學生提供的此類資源，
他們的實驗室講師和教授。我必須衷心推薦這個
本書適合任何參加有機化學第一門實驗課程的學生。
有機化學實驗室生存手冊充滿了以下內容的解釋：
必要的技術與先進技術的方式大致相同
Wiberg、Lowenthal、Newman 和 Gordon 的書籍中都有介紹
福特。在較大的大學中，《生存手冊》是以下內容的寶貴補充：
大多數實驗室手冊。它提供了許多畢業生的解釋
助教不會花時間上課。大多數教學
我熟人的助手很欣賞祖布里克的書，因為它支持
他們在背誦期間的討論（當每個學生都有個人副本時），
它刷新了他們對所學且必須通過的良好技術的記憶
面向新一代本科生。
本書面向本科生讀者。該資訊-
惡意語氣對大多數實驗室學生有吸引力。插圖很令人愉快。
使用不同類型的字體可以有效地強調。而且，祖布里克總是
解釋了為什麼特定的操作順序是必要的，以及如何
操縱和支持裝置和物質。這是一個確定的
力量。
這本書是一個進化的產物：在十年的時間裡，教授們
各大學和文理學院紛紛提出建議
微小的變化和改進。我認為自己很幸運能夠使用
先驅者，自 1973 年起出版。
收集了大量有用的信息，整理得井井有條，
並精心呈現。本書是名師之作。
《有機化學實驗室生存手冊》是我很久以來就知道的一本書。
處於不同發展階段的年數。隨著事情的進展，我
饒有興趣地看著吉姆·祖布里克努力在兩者之間取得平衡
僅僅傳達訊息——大多數書籍都是這樣做的——並傳達訊息
xiv 前言
有效地將訊息傳遞給人類受眾。一方面，吉姆
堅持他的書包含所有必要的科學細節；另一方面
另一方面，他也堅持有機化學實驗室的「如何做」書不需要
以枯燥且令人困惑的散文形式寫成，這些散文常常被當作語言
科學領域。這本書顯示他已經實現了這兩個目標
令人欽佩的時尚。
事實上，《生存手冊》非常成功地遵循了維根斯坦的理論
格言：「一切可以思考的事情，都可以清晰地思考。
凡是能說的都可以說清楚。
柯勒律治為了避免迂腐，所以只使用「適合於
時間、地點、同伴。
儘管有些讀者可能對這本書感到不滿，因為它是
不是，非典型地用典型期刊文章的語言表達，類似
當威廉·斯特倫克出版《元素》時，人們無疑也抱怨了
1919 年的風格。大多數其他寫作文本
當時的內容是用十九世紀複雜的語言寫成的，
它們所包含的材料主要由一系列神秘的做法組成，
禁忌與教條－－這一切都是為了把學生變成十八世紀的人
圖裡作家。
從斯特倫克的角度來看，這樣的文本對某些人來說並不理想。
主要原因。首先，他們給學生的藥物與
溝通過程本身；第二，和現在關係不大
實踐;第三，服藥非常困難，以至於無法治愈
患者的痛苦比疾病本身還要嚴重。
吉姆·祖布里克在這本書中證明，他和斯特倫克一樣明白，
在只有那些資訊的情況下，學習才能達到最大效率
提出的內容與完成特定任務直接相關。在一個
在充滿危險的環境中，這種效率變得更高
必要的。
《生存手冊》是一本優秀的書，因為它講述了讀者的心聲
需要。書中說，總是直接──儘管有時有點不敬
顯然，許多其他書籍只能以恭敬的間接方式來表達。
它永遠不會忘記時間很短或學習曲線在
第一的。文章通俗易懂，通俗易懂，得到很好的支持
透過大量與文字相關的插圖。它在技術上也是準確的
技術上完整，但它總是解釋實驗室技術問題
以一種旨在使學生在功能上易於理解的方式
情境.
所有這些與溝通效率相關的特徵都會自然而然地
前言 xv
努力使使用本書的實驗室變得更安全；改進後的
他們所提供的理解自然增強了本書的內容
強調和詳細的實驗室安全方法。
然而，最重要的是，《生存手冊》的所有元素都來自
共同關注以某種方式完成任務的重要性
這顯示作者意識到溝通確實
無法有效滿足受眾的需求只不過是迂腐
與時間、地點、公司不適應。 -
2024-08-23 at 11:05 PM UTChttps://scriptencodinginitiative.github.io/
http://lib.mainit.org/153/1/literacy-for-dialogue-in-multilingual-societies-2011.pdf
to use Mayan numerals for page numbers. Moreover, using the Application Programming
Interface (API) of modern cell phone technology, it is now possible to render spoken
language directly into ancient Mayan script, and this can even be done for those Mayan
languages which had not been written in ancient times. An API ontology relies on
dictionary data for GLOSSes and COGNATEs and GLYPHs and SPELLINGs, which
usually looks something like this in a computer program:
<English “fish”>,
<QEQ kar, TZO choy, YUK kay>,
<GLYPH T738>
Given such an ontology, voice recognition software, together with knowledge of the
language of the speaker, can be used to transcribe an acoustic signal into either Latin or
Mayan script. For example, the word for fish spoken by a Q’eqchi' speaker would be
transcribed as KAR, whereas the word for fish spoken by a Yukatek speaker would be
transcribed as KAY; and both pronunciations could appear on a smart phone display as the
same ancient Mayan logographic glyph:
Even cognates for more distantly related Mayan languages could be transcribed with the
same Mayan script glyph. For example, the Tzotzil word for fish, which is CHOY. Thus,
the use of voice recognition API-assisted transcription can be used, not only to ensure that
standard Latin spellings are used across dialects, but also to facilitate the use of logographic
written communication between speakers of mutually unintelligible Mayan languages,
much as written Chinese is used to communicate between speakers of different Sinitic
languages.
SUMMARY
The literacy of the ancient Maya never really died. The Mayan scribes shifted from Mayan
script to roman, in a long process of nearly 200 years. Christian missionaries began
to teach roman script to their regular Maya churchgoers from the 1960s onward. This
democratization of literacy was increasingly secularized by university scholars during the
1970s and 1980s. Official bilingual education since the 1980s has dramatically increased
the number of Maya, especially women, who can read and write.
When not carving stone, the ancient Maya typically used brushes to write, and later writers
used quills, fountain pens, pencils, and ballpoint pens. The use of typewriters resulted in
character substitutions and further standardization. Eventually, Maya writers switched
from typewriters to computers in the 1980s. By the 1990s, Maya writers were sending me
e-mail messages written in their native language. Now they are composing and transmitting
Mayan language texts with cell phones.
Although the Mayan script was nearly destroyed by the Spanish colonizers, it was
rediscovered and later re-learned by linguists. Computers have facilitated the recovery
81
and use of the ancient Mayan script elements, which are now in widespread usage.
Mayan numerals and name glyphs are increasingly found in both electronic and printed
documents.
API programming initiatives will further facilitate Mayan script use and pan-Mayan
translation. It is now technologically feasible to use a preprocessor to turn a Latin script
character string into a Mayan glyph, just as we use a preprocessor to type Japanese
kanji using a Latin script keyboard. A Mayan logograph can also be phoneticized into
alternate spoken languages. Voice recognition software will eventually permit the
direct transcription of Mayan oral texts into Mayan script texts. With such modern voice
recognition interfaces, the Maya can leapfrog directly from their spoken languages to
Mayan script, and back again, with the option to use Latin script as well. Watch out Apple
Siri: Here comes Chilam Balam!
𑨡
𑨣
𑨤
𑨥
𑨦
𑨧
𑨩
𑨯
𑨺
◌𑨻
◌𑨼
◌𑨽
◌𑨾
⟨𑨋⟩
𑨺𑨋
𑨋𑨻
𑨋𑨼
𑨋𑨽
𑨋𑨾
𑨿𑩀 𑨿 𑨶𑩀 𑨿 𑨷𑩀
𑩅𑩆
𑩂
𑩃
𑩄
𝋠 𝋡 𝋢 𝋣 𝋤 𝋥 𝋦 𝋧 𝋨 𝋩 𝋪 𝋫 𝋬 𝋭 𝋮 𝋯
𝋰 𝋱 𝋲 𝋳 -
2024-08-25 at 5:25 AM UTC
-
2024-08-25 at 4:03 PM UTC
-
2024-08-27 at 1:24 PM UTCWardialing (or war dialing) is a technique to automatically scan a list of telephone numbers, usually dialing every number in a local area code to search for modems, computers, bulletin board systems (computer servers) and fax machines. Hackers use the resulting lists for various purposes: hobbyists for exploration, and crackers—malicious hackers who specialize in breaching computer security—for guessing user accounts (by capturing voicemail greetings), or locating modems that might provide an entry-point into computer or other electronic systems. It may also be used by security personnel, for example, to detect unauthorized devices, such as modems or faxes, on a company's telephone network.
Process
A single wardialing call would involve calling an unknown number, and waiting for one or two rings, since answering computers usually pick up on the first ring. If the phone rings twice, the modem hangs up and tries the next number. If a modem or fax machine answers, the wardialer program makes a note of the number. If a human or answering machine answers, the wardialer program hangs up. Depending on the time of day, wardialing 10,000 numbers in a given area code might annoy dozens or hundreds of people, some who attempt and fail to answer a phone in two rings, and some who succeed, only to hear the wardialing modem's carrier tone and hang up. The repeated incoming calls are especially annoying to businesses that have many consecutively numbered lines in the exchange, such as used with a Centrex telephone system.
Some newer wardialing software, such as WarVOX, does not require a modem to conduct wardialing.[1] Rather, such programs can use VOIP connections, which can speed up the number of calls that a wardialer can make. Sandstorm Enterprises has a patent U.S. patent 6,490,349 on a multi-line war dialer. ("System and Method for Scan-Dialing Telephone Numbers and Classifying Equipment Connected to Telephone Lines Associated therewith.") The patented technology is implemented in Sandstorm's PhoneSweep war dialer. -
2024-08-27 at 2:03 PM UTCOperation Sundevil was a 1990 nationwide United States Secret Service crackdown on "illegal computer hacking activities." It involved raids in approximately fifteen different cities and resulted in three arrests and the confiscation of computers, the contents of electronic bulletin board systems (BBSes), and floppy disks. It was revealed in a press release on May 9, 1990. The arrests and subsequent court cases resulted in the creation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The operation is now seen as largely a public-relations stunt[citation needed]. Operation Sundevil has also been viewed as one of the preliminary attacks on the Legion of Doom and similar hacking groups.[1] The raid on Steve Jackson Games, which led to the court case Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service, is often attributed to Operation Sundevil, but the Electronic Frontier Foundation states that it is unrelated and cites this attribution as a media error.[2][3]
The name comes from the Sun Devil Stadium of Arizona State University, near the local Secret Service headquarters from where the investigation and raids were coordinated.[4]
Background
Prior to 1990, people who manipulated telecommunication systems, known as phreakers, were generally not prosecuted within the United States. The majority of phreakers used software to obtain calling card numbers and built simple tone devices in order to make free telephone calls. A small elite, highly technical segment of phreakers were more interested in information about the inner workings of the telecommunication system than in making free phone calls. Phone companies complained of financial losses from phreaking activities.[5] The switch from analog to digital equipment began to expose more of the inner workings of telephone companies as hackers began to explore the switches and trunks. Due to a lack of laws and expertise on the part of American law enforcement, few cases against hackers were prosecuted until Operation Sundevil.[4]
However, starting in 1989, the US Secret Service (USSS), which had been given authority from Congress to deal with access device fraud as an extension of wire fraud investigations under Title 18 (§ 1029), began to investigate. Over the course of the 18-month-long investigation, the USSS gathered alleged evidence of rampant credit card and calling card fraud over state lines.[6]
Operation Sundevil allowed multiple federal law enforcement agencies, particularly the Secret Service and the FBI, to gain valuable expertise on fighting this new form of criminal activity as well as expanding the agencies' budgets. New laws were created to allow federal prosecutors to charge individuals accused of phreaking, hacking, wire, and credit card fraud. Evidence gained from Operation Sundevil allowed law enforcement to convince the United States Congress of the need for additional funding, training, and overall expansion.[4]
Action
Along with the Chicago Task Force and the Arizona Organized Crime and Racketeering Bureau, the operation involved raids in Austin, Plano, Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Newark, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Tucson, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Seattle. The raids were centered in Arizona, where the press conference occurred.[6]
Raids generally took place in middle-class suburbs and targeted credit card thieves and telephone abusers.[7] They were carried out by local police, with the aid of over 150 Secret Service agents, FBI and CIA.[4] Twenty-seven search warrants, resulting in three arrests, were issued and executed on May 7 and 8, 1990.[8] Police also took around 42 computers and approximately 25 BBSes, including some of the most infamous and elite hacking BBSs in the world at that time, such as Cloud Nine. This was the largest crackdown on electronic bulletin boards in world history. Finally, about 23,000 floppy disks were also seized. These held a variety of data, including software, phreaking and hacking tools, tens of thousands of credit card details, and a plethora of illegal copyrighted material. The three people arrested were "Tony the Trashman," "Dr. Ripco," and "Electra."[4]
Other parts of the operation targeted the underground ezine Phrack, which had published the contents of a proprietary text file copied from BellSouth computers and containing information about the E911 emergency response system, although this was later made null in a court case in which it was proven that the same information about the E911 system was also provided to the public through a mail-order catalog.[5]
Aftermath
In a press release on May 9, 1990, officials from the federal government and the Arizona state government revealed that the Secret Service was involved in the investigation. The Assistant Director of the US Secret Service, Garry M. Jenkins, commented in a press release that, "the Secret Service is sending a clear message to those computer hackers who have decided to violate the laws of this nation in the mistaken belief that they can successfully avoid detection by hiding behind the relative anonymity of their computer terminals."[5]
Two public-access computer systems were shut down in the days following the operation: an AT&T Unix system in Dallas, Texassdf and a Jolnet system in Lockport, Illinois. Neither has been linked to the operation, however. An AT&T spokesman claimed the shutdown was a result of an internal investigation and was not related to the operation.[8]
In response to the arrests, the Electronic Frontier Foundation was founded by Mitchell Kapor, the founder of Lotus Development Corporation, and John Perry Barlow, an author.[9] The foundation hired lawyers to represent the hackers in two of the cases arising from Operation Sundevil.[10]
Operation Sundevil was the most publicized action by the federal government against hackers.[4] In part due to this, it has been seen as a public-relations stunt and a message to hackers. While it did little overall damage to the hacking community in the long run, it did stop the illicit hacking activities of many of the best hackers in the world for a short period of time, which is why it has been lauded as a tactical success due to the surprise and damage it caused to the communities in comparison to the long wars waged against the Legion of Doom.[4] However, it has also been criticized as a failure due to several unsuccessful prosecutions, and a number of raids not even leading to arrest.[11] -
2024-08-27 at 4:10 PM UTC
Originally posted by the man who put it in my hood Operation Sundevil was a 1990 nationwide United States Secret Service crackdown on "illegal computer hacking activities." It involved raids in approximately fifteen different cities and resulted in three arrests and the confiscation of computers, the contents of electronic bulletin board systems (BBSes), and floppy disks. It was revealed in a press release on May 9, 1990. The arrests and subsequent court cases resulted in the creation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The operation is now seen as largely a public-relations stunt[citation needed]. Operation Sundevil has also been viewed as one of the preliminary attacks on the Legion of Doom and similar hacking groups.[1] The raid on Steve Jackson Games, which led to the court case Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service, is often attributed to Operation Sundevil, but the Electronic Frontier Foundation states that it is unrelated and cites this attribution as a media error.[2][3]
The name comes from the Sun Devil Stadium of Arizona State University, near the local Secret Service headquarters from where the investigation and raids were coordinated.[4]
Background
Prior to 1990, people who manipulated telecommunication systems, known as phreakers, were generally not prosecuted within the United States. The majority of phreakers used software to obtain calling card numbers and built simple tone devices in order to make free telephone calls. A small elite, highly technical segment of phreakers were more interested in information about the inner workings of the telecommunication system than in making free phone calls. Phone companies complained of financial losses from phreaking activities.[5] The switch from analog to digital equipment began to expose more of the inner workings of telephone companies as hackers began to explore the switches and trunks. Due to a lack of laws and expertise on the part of American law enforcement, few cases against hackers were prosecuted until Operation Sundevil.[4]
However, starting in 1989, the US Secret Service (USSS), which had been given authority from Congress to deal with access device fraud as an extension of wire fraud investigations under Title 18 (§ 1029), began to investigate. Over the course of the 18-month-long investigation, the USSS gathered alleged evidence of rampant credit card and calling card fraud over state lines.[6]
Operation Sundevil allowed multiple federal law enforcement agencies, particularly the Secret Service and the FBI, to gain valuable expertise on fighting this new form of criminal activity as well as expanding the agencies' budgets. New laws were created to allow federal prosecutors to charge individuals accused of phreaking, hacking, wire, and credit card fraud. Evidence gained from Operation Sundevil allowed law enforcement to convince the United States Congress of the need for additional funding, training, and overall expansion.[4]
Action
Along with the Chicago Task Force and the Arizona Organized Crime and Racketeering Bureau, the operation involved raids in Austin, Plano, Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Newark, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Tucson, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Seattle. The raids were centered in Arizona, where the press conference occurred.[6]
Raids generally took place in middle-class suburbs and targeted credit card thieves and telephone abusers.[7] They were carried out by local police, with the aid of over 150 Secret Service agents, FBI and CIA.[4] Twenty-seven search warrants, resulting in three arrests, were issued and executed on May 7 and 8, 1990.[8] Police also took around 42 computers and approximately 25 BBSes, including some of the most infamous and elite hacking BBSs in the world at that time, such as Cloud Nine. This was the largest crackdown on electronic bulletin boards in world history. Finally, about 23,000 floppy disks were also seized. These held a variety of data, including software, phreaking and hacking tools, tens of thousands of credit card details, and a plethora of illegal copyrighted material. The three people arrested were "Tony the Trashman," "Dr. Ripco," and "Electra."[4]
Other parts of the operation targeted the underground ezine Phrack, which had published the contents of a proprietary text file copied from BellSouth computers and containing information about the E911 emergency response system, although this was later made null in a court case in which it was proven that the same information about the E911 system was also provided to the public through a mail-order catalog.[5]
Aftermath
In a press release on May 9, 1990, officials from the federal government and the Arizona state government revealed that the Secret Service was involved in the investigation. The Assistant Director of the US Secret Service, Garry M. Jenkins, commented in a press release that, "the Secret Service is sending a clear message to those computer hackers who have decided to violate the laws of this nation in the mistaken belief that they can successfully avoid detection by hiding behind the relative anonymity of their computer terminals."[5]
Two public-access computer systems were shut down in the days following the operation: an AT&T Unix system in Dallas, Texassdf and a Jolnet system in Lockport, Illinois. Neither has been linked to the operation, however. An AT&T spokesman claimed the shutdown was a result of an internal investigation and was not related to the operation.[8]
In response to the arrests, the Electronic Frontier Foundation was founded by Mitchell Kapor, the founder of Lotus Development Corporation, and John Perry Barlow, an author.[9] The foundation hired lawyers to represent the hackers in two of the cases arising from Operation Sundevil.[10]
Operation Sundevil was the most publicized action by the federal government against hackers.[4] In part due to this, it has been seen as a public-relations stunt and a message to hackers. While it did little overall damage to the hacking community in the long run, it did stop the illicit hacking activities of many of the best hackers in the world for a short period of time, which is why it has been lauded as a tactical success due to the surprise and damage it caused to the communities in comparison to the long wars waged against the Legion of Doom.[4] However, it has also been criticized as a failure due to several unsuccessful prosecutions, and a number of raids not even leading to arrest.[11]
I managed to slip through the cracks. -
2024-08-27 at 6:05 PM UTCreleased in 2023 after serving 13 years of a 20 year sentence
-
2024-08-27 at 6:44 PM UTC
-
2024-08-29 at 2:05 AM UTC𡆠囝〇𡕀
悠久한 歷史와 傳統에 빛나는 우리 大韓國民은 3·1 運動으로 建立된 大韓民國臨時政府의 法統과 不義에 抗拒한 4·19 民主理念을 繼承하고, 祖國의 民主改革과 平和的統一의 使命에 立脚하여 正義·人道와 同胞愛로써 民族의 團結을 鞏固히 하고, 모든 社會的弊習과 不義를 打破하며, 自律과 調和를 바탕으로 自由民主的基本秩序를 더욱 確固히 하여 政治·經濟·社會·文化의 모든 領域에 있어서 各人의 機會를 均等히 하고, 能力을 最高度로 發揮하게 하며, 自由와 權利에 따르는 責任과 義務를 完遂하게 하여, 안으로는 國民生活의 均等한 向上을 基하고 밖으로는 恒久的인 世界平和와 人類共榮에 이바지함으로써 우리들과 우리들의 子孫의 安全과 自由와 幸福을 永遠히 確保할 것을 다짐하면서 1948年 7月 12日에 制定되고 8次에 걸쳐 改正된 憲法을 이제 國會의 議決을 거쳐 國民投票에 依하여 改正한다. -
2024-08-30 at 11:20 PM UTC
-
2024-08-31 at 1:02 AM UTC
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2024-08-31 at 1:09 AM UTC
Originally posted by the man who put it in my hood 有機化學實驗室生存手冊學生技術指南詹姆斯·W·祖布里克哈德遜谷社區學院約翰威利父子公司紐約•奇切斯特•布里斯班•多倫多•新加坡版權所有©1984、1988，JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.版權所有。加拿大同步出版。任何部分的複製或翻譯這項工作超出了各節允許的範圍1976年美國版權法第107條和第108條未經著作權人許可的行為業主不合法。請求許可或應將更多資訊發送至JohnWiley&Sons的權限部門。致辛迪前言第二版聽到你的書被閱讀和喜歡，真是令人振奮，簡直涵蓋了涵蓋從才華橫溢的高中理科生到英語名譽教授。更高興聽到你有機會根據上述評論改進這本書，審稿人的評論以及與審稿人合作中獲得的經驗文字.在本版《有機化學實驗室生存手冊》中，有關以下內容的部分筆記本和手冊已擴展到包括典型的筆記本頁和實際手冊條目以及解釋。有新的關於清潔和乾燥玻璃器皿的注意事項，以及如何找到好的重結晶器化溶劑。一旦他們的樣品被純化，學生現在可以找到直接的用托馬斯-胡佛裝置測定熔點。洗-ing被賦予了與提取同樣的重要性，但也有一些麻煩斑點（以有機層的pH值為例）已被平滑。還有關於使用外部來源的蒸汽蒸餾的附加說明蒸汽。簡單的壓力計、應付漏氣、正確使用壓力計壓力-溫度列線圖增強了真空蒸餾部分-。已添加折射測量，以及（根據特殊要求）關於萃取和蒸餾理論的部分，包括共沸物和共沸蒸餾，我相信，克勞修斯蒸餾法的首次應用Clapyron方程式作為從拉烏爾定律（壓力和摩爾分數）到相圖（溫度和摩爾分數）。許多人對製作此版本的幫助值得讚揚：我的學生們幫助我發現了上一版所缺少的內容，RonaldPohadsky先生和BarryEggleston先生提出了具體建議—在實驗室工作時的系統蒸發散。特別感謝G.J.教授詹茲，倫斯勒理工學院熔鹽資料中心主任感謝他對本版物理化學部分的審閱，並HenryHollinger教授和A.RaufImam教授在最初階段提供的幫助該工作的各個階段。我還要感謝威廉·愛潑斯坦猶他大學魯道夫·戈茨密西根州立大學viii第二版前言克萊莉亞·W·馬洛里賓州大學J·沃林斯基普渡大學感謝他們提出的寶貴意見與建議，使本版更加完善對有機化學實驗室的學生有用。最後，我要感謝John化學編輯DennisSawicki先生首先是Wiley&Sons，這是我收到的最好的生日禮物之一其次，感謝他在某些方面的鼓勵、指導和耐心準備此版本時遇到的麻煩點。DawnReitz女士，生產主管、AnnMeader女士、主管文案編輯和Glenn先生文案編輯佩特里(Petry)帶來了第二篇文章，值得稱讚版約.J·W·祖布里克哈德遜谷社區學院1987年4月3日第一版序言第十次描述實驗室未涵蓋的儀器書，然後你寫一個程式。一遍又一遍地解釋操作在書中，你會得到一組筆記。當這些產生問題時，你修改直到學生（而不是你）最終做對為止。如果你相信的話寫作是凝固的言語——具有相同的停頓，相同的節奏——然後樣式已設定。如果你還能笑，你就寫了這本書。本書介紹了有機化學實驗室的基本技術重點是第一次就把工作做好。為此，經常會提出可能出錯的例子並提出警告為了防止最常見的錯誤，近乎令人憤慨。這是相信進入不可能的經驗要困難得多一旦學生被警告可能發生的事情，就會出現精神問題那些。處理蒸餾、萃取等複雜操作以一種簡單的方式，無論是在解釋或本質上後續程序。對於有關儀器技術的部分也可以這麼說GC、IR、NMR和HPLC的特性。GC色譜技術和HPLC的介紹是因為它們與薄層色譜和柱色譜有關拉菲。光譜技術較少依賴實驗室操作因此在與電子儀器的相似性方面提出了GC和HPLC技術（雙檢測器、HPLC中的UV檢測等）。對於所有技術，重點是正確的樣品製備和正確的儀器操作。許多人對編寫這本教科書的幫助值得讚揚。距離這本書第一次寫成已經有幾年了，以下列出了致謝訊息將接近小型電話簿的大小-有太多的好人需要直接感謝。感謝那些鼓勵、幫助和建設性批評的人製作一本更好的書，讓學生喜歡閱讀和學習。我要感謝數百名忍受我的胡言亂語的學生，咆哮、謾罵和貶低，從而教會了我它們是什麼有機化學實驗室生存所需的知識。特別感謝C.W.Schimelpfenig博士對許多人的鼓勵那些年，沒有什麼，他們的評論使這些頁面增色不少；D.L.博士卡森的評論也出現了，因為他對x第一版前言推介會;博士。R.A.貝利(Bailey)、S.C.邦斯(S.C.Bunce)與H.B.霍林格為他們的持續的支持和建議；MarkB.Freilich博士，他的觀點一位無機化學家在審查過程中證明了自己的價值；和SamJohnson博士在本文的早期階段提供了巨大幫助加工。我還要感謝克里斯多福‧J‧肯珀(ChristopherJ.Kemper)和基斯‧米勒(KeithMiller)對本書的樂器部分提出了寶貴的評論。最後，我要感謝克利福德·W·米爾斯(CliffordW.Mills)，他是我在JohnWiley&的守護神。兒子們，沒有他們的幫助，這一切都不可能實現，還有安德魯·E·福特，Jr.，副總裁，在這條痛苦的道路上有一個非常有趣的開始出版品.關於風格的一些注意事項常常會發現講師抱怨使用不當並抱怨他們的學生除了寫一篇清晰、簡單、英語交際句子。確實如此。但令我驚訝的是同樣的人對又長又尷尬的被動語態感到舒服浮誇的“我們”和笨拙的“一”，還有那個該死的“學生”，留下練習作為證明。這些結構出現在幾乎所有的科學文本都沒有產生清晰、簡單、溝通性的內容生動的英文句子。學生確實可以透過以下方式學習寫作：例子。我不會刻意大膽地拆分不定式，也不會主動尋求用來結束句子的介詞。然而僅透過這些構造，我可能會有些人認為這會導致學生溝通能力的下降。E.B.懷特，《風格元素》第二版（麥克米倫，紐約，1972年，第14頁。70），寫道幾年前，學生被警告不要以介係詞結尾句子化;當然，時間已經軟化了這項嚴格的法令。不僅是介詞可以放在最後，有時它更有效地點比其他任何地方都多。「他使用的工具是羊角錘，而不是斧頭。謀殺了她。他謀殺她的工具。有些不定式似乎在分裂方面有所改進，就像一根圓棒一樣爐木確實如此。“我無法讓自己真正喜歡這個傢伙。”這量刑從寬，意思明確，違法行為無害，幾乎察覺不到。換句話說，句子變得生硬，需要──不太正式。耳朵的問題。我們都應該像懷特一樣寫得糟糕。在WilliamStrunk和E.B.風格元素中的白色以及威廉‧辛瑟(WilliamZinsser)的《論寫作》(OnwritingWell)和魯道夫‧弗萊施(RudolphFlesch)的《ABC》風格和D.L.卡森的評論出現在這本書中，我試圖遵循最近在科學領域被忽視的技術交流的一些原則文本：使用第一人稱，設身處地為讀者著想，並且，最好的最後，使用主動語態和個人主詞。xii關於風格的一些註釋以下產品名稱屬於各自的製造商。瑞吉斯-此處酌情標明了特雷德商標；文中，符號為省略。康寧玻璃工廠，紐約州康寧W.A.HammondDrierite公司，俄亥俄州Xenia費雪科學公司，賓州匹茲堡貝克頓狄金森公司，盧瑟福，新球衣實驗室設備，馬薩諸塞州劍橋密理博公司，馬薩諸塞州貝德福德克勞福德配件公司，俄亥俄州索倫E.I.杜邦德內穆爾公司，威爾明頓，德拉瓦州Variac®通用無線電公司，麻薩諸塞州康科德康寧®Drierite®Fisher-Johns®Luer-Lok®Mel-Temp®密理博®世偉洛克®特氟龍®前言人們很少有機會閱讀和使用一本完全有用，不需要替換和刪除。祖-布里克的書就是為大學部有機學生提供的此類資源，他們的實驗室講師和教授。我必須衷心推薦這個本書適合任何參加有機化學第一門實驗課程的學生。有機化學實驗室生存手冊充滿了以下內容的解釋：必要的技術與先進技術的方式大致相同Wiberg、Lowenthal、Newman和Gordon的書籍中都有介紹福特。在較大的大學中，《生存手冊》是以下內容的寶貴補充：大多數實驗室手冊。它提供了許多畢業生的解釋助教不會花時間上課。大多數教學我熟人的助手很欣賞祖布里克的書，因為它支持他們在背誦期間的討論（當每個學生都有個人副本時），它刷新了他們對所學且必須通過的良好技術的記憶面向新一代本科生。本書面向本科生讀者。該資訊-惡意語氣對大多數實驗室學生有吸引力。插圖很令人愉快。使用不同類型的字體可以有效地強調。而且，祖布里克總是解釋了為什麼特定的操作順序是必要的，以及如何操縱和支持裝置和物質。這是一個確定的力量。這本書是一個進化的產物：在十年的時間裡，教授們各大學和文理學院紛紛提出建議微小的變化和改進。我認為自己很幸運能夠使用先驅者，自1973年起出版。收集了大量有用的信息，整理得井井有條，並精心呈現。本書是名師之作。《有機化學實驗室生存手冊》是我很久以來就知道的一本書。處於不同發展階段的年數。隨著事情的進展，我饒有興趣地看著吉姆·祖布里克努力在兩者之間取得平衡僅僅傳達訊息——大多數書籍都是這樣做的——並傳達訊息xiv前言有效地將訊息傳遞給人類受眾。一方面，吉姆堅持他的書包含所有必要的科學細節；另一方面另一方面，他也堅持有機化學實驗室的「如何做」書不需要以枯燥且令人困惑的散文形式寫成，這些散文常常被當作語言科學領域。這本書顯示他已經實現了這兩個目標令人欽佩的時尚。事實上，《生存手冊》非常成功地遵循了維根斯坦的理論格言：「一切可以思考的事情，都可以清晰地思考。凡是能說的都可以說清楚。柯勒律治為了避免迂腐，所以只使用「適合於時間、地點、同伴。儘管有些讀者可能對這本書感到不滿，因為它是不是，非典型地用典型期刊文章的語言表達，類似當威廉·斯特倫克出版《元素》時，人們無疑也抱怨了1919年的風格。大多數其他寫作文本當時的內容是用十九世紀複雜的語言寫成的，它們所包含的材料主要由一系列神秘的做法組成，禁忌與教條－－這一切都是為了把學生變成十八世紀的人圖裡作家。從斯特倫克的角度來看，這樣的文本對某些人來說並不理想。主要原因。首先，他們給學生的藥物與溝通過程本身；第二，和現在關係不大實踐;第三，服藥非常困難，以至於無法治愈患者的痛苦比疾病本身還要嚴重。吉姆·祖布里克在這本書中證明，他和斯特倫克一樣明白，在只有那些資訊的情況下，學習才能達到最大效率提出的內容與完成特定任務直接相關。在一個在充滿危險的環境中，這種效率變得更高必要的。《生存手冊》是一本優秀的書，因為它講述了讀者的心聲需要。書中說，總是直接──儘管有時有點不敬顯然，許多其他書籍只能以恭敬的間接方式來表達。它永遠不會忘記時間很短或學習曲線在第一的。文章通俗易懂，通俗易懂，得到很好的支持透過大量與文字相關的插圖。它在技術上也是準確的技術上完整，但它總是解釋實驗室技術問題以一種旨在使學生在功能上易於理解的方式情境.所有這些與溝通效率相關的特徵都會自然而然地前言xv努力使使用本書的實驗室變得更安全；改進後的他們所提供的理解自然增強了本書的內容強調和詳細的實驗室安全方法。然而，最重要的是，《生存手冊》的所有元素都來自共同關注以某種方式完成任務的重要性這顯示作者意識到溝通確實無法有效滿足受眾的需求只不過是迂腐與時間、地點、公司不適應。
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2024-08-31 at 1:10 AM UTC
Originally posted by the man who put it in my hood ᠀ ᠁ ᠂ ᠃ ᠄ ᠅ ᠆ ᠇ ᠈ ᠉ ᠊ ℘ ꀕ ︘ ꡀ
᠐ ᠑ ᠒ ᠓ ᠔ ᠕ ᠖ ᠗ ᠘ ᠙
ᠠ ᠡ ᠢ ᠣ ᠤ ᠥ ᠦ ᠧ ᠨ ᠩ ᠪ ᠫ ᠬ ᠭ ᠮ ᠯ
ᠰ ᠱ ᠲ ᠳ ᠴ ᠵ ᠶ ᠷ ᠸ ᠹ ᠺ ᠻ ᠼ ᠽ ᠾ ᠿ
ᡀ ᡁ ᡂ ᡃ ᡄ ᡅ ᡆ ᡇ ᡈ ᡉ ᡊ ᡋ ᡌ ᡍ ᡎ ᡏ
ᡐ ᡑ ᡒ ᡓ ᡔ ᡕ ᡖ ᡗ ᡘ ᡙ ᡚ ᡛ ᡜ ᡝ ᡞ ᡟ
ᡠ ᡡ ᡢ ᡣ ᡤ ᡥ ᡦ ᡧ ᡨ ᡩ ᡪ ᡫ ᡬ ᡭ ᡮ ᡯ
ᡰ ᡱ ᡲ ᡳ ᡴ ᡵ ᡶ ᡷ ᡸ
ᢀ ᢁ ᢂ ᢃ ᢄ ᢅ ᢆ ᢇ ᢈ ᢉ ᢊ ᢋ ᢌ ᢍ ᢎ ᢏ
ᢐ ᢑ ᢒ ᢓ ᢔ ᢕ ᢖ ᢗ ᢘ ᢙ ᢚ ᢛ ᢜ ᢝ ᢞ ᢟ
ᢠ ᢡ ᢢ ᢣ ᢤ ᢥ ᢦ ᢧ ᢨ ᢩ ᢪ
ೋ ⁊ ℁ ℂ ℃ ℄ ℅ ℆ ℇ ℈ ℉ ℊ ℋ ℌ ℍ ℎ ℏ
ℐ ℑ ℒ ℓ ℔ ℕ № ℗ ℘ ℙ ℚ ℛ ℜ ℝ ℞ ℟
℠ ℡ ™ ℣ ℤ ℥ Ω ℧ ℨ ℩ K Å ℬ ℭ ℮ ℯ
ℰ ℱ Ⅎ ℳ ℴ ℵ ℶ ℷ ℸ ℹ ℺ ℻ ℼ ℽ ℾ ℿ
⅀ ⅁ ⅂ ⅃ ⅄ ⅅ ⅆ ⅇ ⅈ ⅉ ⅊ ⅋ ⅌ ⅍ ⅎ ⅏
〄 〠 Ꭰ Ꭱ Ꭲ Ꭳ Ꭴ Ꭵ Ꭶ Ꭷ Ꭸ Ꭹ Ꭺ Ꭻ Ꭼ Ꭽ Ꭾ Ꭿ
Ꮀ Ꮁ Ꮂ Ꮃ Ꮄ Ꮅ Ꮆ Ꮇ Ꮈ Ꮉ Ꮊ Ꮋ Ꮌ Ꮍ Ꮎ Ꮏ
Ꮐ Ꮑ Ꮒ Ꮓ Ꮔ Ꮕ Ꮖ Ꮗ Ꮘ Ꮙ Ꮚ Ꮛ Ꮜ Ꮝ Ꮞ Ꮟ
Ꮠ Ꮡ Ꮢ Ꮣ Ꮤ Ꮥ Ꮦ Ꮧ Ꮨ Ꮩ Ꮪ Ꮫ Ꮬ Ꮭ Ꮮ Ꮯ
Ꮰ Ꮱ Ꮲ Ꮳ Ꮴ Ꮵ Ꮶ Ꮷ Ꮸ Ꮹ Ꮺ Ꮻ Ꮼ Ꮽ Ꮾ Ꮿ
Ᏸ Ᏹ Ᏺ Ᏻ Ᏼ Ᏽ ᏸ ᏹ ᏺ ᏻ ᏼ ᏽ
🬀 🬁 🬂 🬃 🬄 🬅 🬆 🬇 🬈 🬉 🬊 🬋 🬌 🬍 🬎 🬏
🬐 🬑 🬒 🬓 🬔 🬕 🬖 🬗 🬘 🬙 🬚 🬛 🬜 🬝 🬞 🬟
🬠 🬡 🬢 🬣 🬤 🬥 🬦 🬧 🬨 🬩 🬪 🬫 🬬 🬭 🬮 🬯
🬰 🬱 🬲 🬳 🬴 🬵 🬶 🬷 🬸 🬹 🬺 🬻 🬼 🬽 🬾 🬿
🭀 🭁 🭂 🭃 🭄 🭅 🭆 🭇 🭈 🭉 🭊 🭋 🭌 🭍 🭎 🭏
🭐 🭑 🭒 🭓 🭔 🭕 🭖 🭗 🭘 🭙 🭚 🭛 🭜 🭝 🭞 🭟
🭠 🭡 🭢 🭣 🭤 🭥 🭦 🭧 🭨 🭩 🭪 🭫 🭬 🭭 🭮 🭯
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🯀 🯁 🯂 🯃 🯄 🯅 🯆 🯇 🯈 🯉 🯊 🯰 🯱 🯲 🯳 🯴
🯵 🯶 🯷 🯸 🯹
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2024-08-31 at 1:29 AM UTC⓿❶❷❸❹❺❻❼❽❾❿➊➋➌➍➎➏➐➑➒➓⓫⓬⓭⓮⓯⓰⓱⓲⓳⓴⓵⓶⓷⓸⓹⓺⓻⓼⓽⓾➀➁➂➃➄➅➆➇➈①②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧⑨⓪➉⑩⑪⑫⑬⑭⑮⑯⑰⑱⑲⑳㉑㉒㉓㉔㉕㉖㉗㉘㉙㉚㉛㉜㉝㉞㉟㊱㊲㊳㊴㊵㊶㊷㊸㊹㊺㊻㊼㊽㊾㊿㉈㉉㉊㉋㉌㉍㉎㉏The following users say it would be alright if the author of this post didn't die in a fire!
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2024-08-31 at 1:31 AM UTC
Originally posted by the man who put it in my hood https://scriptencodinginitiative.github.io/
http://lib.mainit.org/153/1/literacy-for-dialogue-in-multilingual-societies-2011.pdf
to use Mayan numerals for page numbers. Moreover, using the Application Programming
Interface (API) of modern cell phone technology, it is now possible to render spoken
language directly into ancient Mayan script, and this can even be done for those Mayan
languages which had not been written in ancient times. An API ontology relies on
dictionary data for GLOSSes and COGNATEs and GLYPHs and SPELLINGs, which
usually looks something like this in a computer program:
<English “fish”>,
<QEQ kar, TZO choy, YUK kay>,
<GLYPH T738>
Given such an ontology, voice recognition software, together with knowledge of the
language of the speaker, can be used to transcribe an acoustic signal into either Latin or
Mayan script. For example, the word for fish spoken by a Q’eqchi' speaker would be
transcribed as KAR, whereas the word for fish spoken by a Yukatek speaker would be
transcribed as KAY; and both pronunciations could appear on a smart phone display as the
same ancient Mayan logographic glyph:
Even cognates for more distantly related Mayan languages could be transcribed with the
same Mayan script glyph. For example, the Tzotzil word for fish, which is CHOY. Thus,
the use of voice recognition API-assisted transcription can be used, not only to ensure that
standard Latin spellings are used across dialects, but also to facilitate the use of logographic
written communication between speakers of mutually unintelligible Mayan languages,
much as written Chinese is used to communicate between speakers of different Sinitic
languages.
SUMMARY
The literacy of the ancient Maya never really died. The Mayan scribes shifted from Mayan
script to roman, in a long process of nearly 200 years. Christian missionaries began
to teach roman script to their regular Maya churchgoers from the 1960s onward. This
democratization of literacy was increasingly secularized by university scholars during the
1970s and 1980s. Official bilingual education since the 1980s has dramatically increased
the number of Maya, especially women, who can read and write.
When not carving stone, the ancient Maya typically used brushes to write, and later writers
used quills, fountain pens, pencils, and ballpoint pens. The use of typewriters resulted in
character substitutions and further standardization. Eventually, Maya writers switched
from typewriters to computers in the 1980s. By the 1990s, Maya writers were sending me
e-mail messages written in their native language. Now they are composing and transmitting
Mayan language texts with cell phones.
Although the Mayan script was nearly destroyed by the Spanish colonizers, it was
rediscovered and later re-learned by linguists. Computers have facilitated the recovery
81
and use of the ancient Mayan script elements, which are now in widespread usage.
Mayan numerals and name glyphs are increasingly found in both electronic and printed
documents.
API programming initiatives will further facilitate Mayan script use and pan-Mayan
translation. It is now technologically feasible to use a preprocessor to turn a Latin script
character string into a Mayan glyph, just as we use a preprocessor to type Japanese
kanji using a Latin script keyboard. A Mayan logograph can also be phoneticized into
alternate spoken languages. Voice recognition software will eventually permit the
direct transcription of Mayan oral texts into Mayan script texts. With such modern voice
recognition interfaces, the Maya can leapfrog directly from their spoken languages to
Mayan script, and back again, with the option to use Latin script as well. Watch out Apple
Siri: Here comes Chilam Balam!
𑨡
𑨣
𑨤
𑨥
𑨦
𑨧
𑨩
𑨯
𑨺
◌𑨻
◌𑨼
◌𑨽
◌𑨾
⟨𑨋⟩
𑨺𑨋
𑨋𑨻
𑨋𑨼
𑨋𑨽
𑨋𑨾
𑨿𑩀 𑨿 𑨶𑩀 𑨿 𑨷𑩀
𑩅𑩆
𑩂
𑩃
𑩄
𝋠 𝋡 𝋢 𝋣 𝋤 𝋥 𝋦 𝋧 𝋨 𝋩 𝋪 𝋫 𝋬 𝋭 𝋮 𝋯
𝋰 𝋱 𝋲 𝋳 -
2024-08-31 at 1:31 AM UTC
